Background: Indian tea industry workers are exposed to various exposures at their workplace.Objective: To investigate the respiratory health of Indian tea industry workers.Methods: We administered a respiratory questionnaire to and measured lung function in workers of 34 tea gardens and 46 tea factories. We used correlation matrices to test the association between their respiratory symptoms and lung functions.Results: The garden workers complained of shortness of breath 3 times higher than the factory workers. However, nasal allergy was more predominant among the factory workers compared to garden workers (69.6% vs 41.2%, p=0.02). The factory workers had higher total (median 107.3% vs 92.9%, p=0.05, as measured by R at 5 Hz) and peripheral airway resistance (143.8% vs 61.1%, p=0.005, as measured by R at 5–20 Hz) than the garden workers. Respiratory symptoms were inversely associated with airway obstruction as measured by the ratio between forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) and positively correlated with increased overall airway reactance among the workers. Conclusion: Respiratory symptoms and increased allergen susceptibility of Indian tea industry workers due to occupational exposures warrant routine systematic surveillance of their workplace air quality and health monitoring.

The cost reduction of green tea processing, the control of fossil fuel resources, and the curbing of corresponding greenhouse gases emission depend on the energy efficiency of tea processing units. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and analyze factors determining energy efficiency of these agro-industrial units. To this end, the present descriptive survey was carried out on 40 managers of tea factories in Guilan Province, Iran. At the first phase of the study, the experts and managers of the tea manufacturing units were given an open-response question to identify the factors affecting energy productivity of tea industry. Then, the factors were divided into three broad categories of technical, managerial-policy, and knowledge-skill. The statistical analysis of final questionnaire data showed that “ the correct and sound design of the new hot air furnaces” , “ the enhancement of technical knowledge of technicians in withering, fermentation, drying and storage units” , and “ optimum scheduling of withering operation with respect to the final status of green tea leaf” were found to be the most important technical, managerial-policy, and knowledge-skill factors determining the improvement of energy productivity in tea factories of Guilan Province, respectively. Accordingly, it is recommended to hold training courses to enhance energy productivity knowledge of tea factory managers, to improve the technical knowledge of technicians in withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and storage units, to renew machinery and equipment of tea factories, to enforce manufacturing units to comply with relevant quality standards, and to allocate financial supports through low-interest loans for mounting tea processing machinery and equipment with high energy efficiency.

Purpose: The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.  Method: The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry. Findings: Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled. Conclusion: In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.

Due to lack of using pesticides in production of green leaf, Iran’s produced tea is considered as of the purest and healthiest teas in the world [1]. Although, by passing one century from commencement of tea cultivation and production in Iran, tea cultivation surfaces has been developed and numbers of tea making factories has been increased, no progress has been made in improvement of quality of produced dried tea and this product is not accountable for qualitative and quantitative needs of consumers [2]. Special place of tea in Iranian consumers’ basket and direct occupation of more than 70,000 households in tea cultivation and production and its role and place in economy of Guilan & Mazandaran Province have doubled the necessity of performing researches to find solutions of tea problems and its qualitative and quantitative improvement. In this article, impact of continuous training of occupied manpower in tea industry and cultivation as of the parameters of utilization management system on quality of produced tea is studied. The method of this research is field study and survey has been applied for collection of information to respond to the research questions. Thus, in addition to perform library studies and interview with tea specialists, a questionnaire, having inserted traits in questions and research hypothesis, was prepared and distributed among the experts. In this research, mean index, standard deviation and column chart were applied as descriptive statistics to define and describe the variables and one-sided t-test was used as inferential statistics to answer the research question. After analyzing obtained data from questionnaire, research hypothesis was confirmed in confidence level of 95%. Therefore, it can be stated that in confidence level of 95%, continuous training of occupied manpower in tea industry and cultivation effects on quality of produced dried tea.

Several theoretical models for description of the injection locking lasers are presented by previous investigators. Nearly in all of these theories, the temporal and spatial variations of gain of the active medium is neglected. In these theories there levant difference equation of the boundary condition of the input mirror is approximated by an ordinary differential equation and solved. In this paper a classical model for the behavior of the active medium is presented and the governing equations are solved. The time variation of the output power for the injection frequencies are calculated. The results for several detuning angels are presented in this paper, the results are in good-agreement with the previous published data.

To evaluate and identify the most import and managerial-policy issues and problems of tea industry in Guilan, a study was conducted in 2010. Delphi method was used in this study involved a total of 54 members (15 farmers, 12 factory owners, 11 businessmen and 16 experts).The results showed that issues such as wealth and power Mafia drummer imports smuggled tea, tea accumulate on of experience, lack of strict government control son production and trade of tea, the lack of stable and long-term strategy and policy in stability, Lack of management and planning in the manufacturing, industrial and commercial tea, the tea industry is looking at a system of government, to deal with problems of passive Tea, Unethical interference in local government authorities and push them to buy green tea, Weaknesses in the education sector ,promoting the country's tea industry and government neglect in the cultivation and breeding of tea gardens and tea gardens release due to wrong policies of reform initiatives Tea, a very important point for the tea product that had a failure with the tea industry.

This article deals with the tea industry's contribution to Iran's economy during the oil nationalization movement and assesses the role of the tea industry in achieving the oil-free economy policy in the National government. This article is based on unpublished documents from the National Iranian Documents’ Organization and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records also in order to enhance our understanding of the situation newspapers and some other published sources have been emphasized onto depict the importance of the issue. The research method of this study is that of an descriptive-analytical approach, thus this study seeks to show how the ups and downs of tea imports were during the economic sanctions in the period of oil nationalization and how the government managed to expand the domestic production of tea to save money, also what role this industry played to compensate the currency shortages. Therefore, the main question of this paper is whether the policy of restricting imports and developing domestic tea production could have solved an important problem amongst the many problems of the national government or not. The results show that despite the government's efforts to increase tea production and prevent its unauthorized entry into the country, the product failed to play a significant role in implementing the oil-free economy program.

Introduction: Hemophilia is one of the most important coagulation disorders. At the present time the current treatment is factor replacement which may lead to many socio-economic problems and also transmission of some viral infections. In this study we evaluate an alternative treatment to factor replacement to decrease the aforementioned problems. Material and Methods: This was an interventional study and the statistical population included all Hemophilia patients that referred to Besat Hospital. They were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group of 13 patients and a control group of 15 patients. Tranexamic acid was only used for the intervention group (15 patients). Then the data was assessed by spss win software. Results: In the intervention group bleeding episodes were reduced significantly (from 4.07 episodes per month to 3 episodes per month) and so was the need for factor replacement (from 80.1 u/kg/m to 58.7 u/kg/m). In the control group bleeding episodes and the need for factor replacement did not differ prior to and during the study. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that daily prophylactic use of TEA is effective in reducing bleeding episodes and decreasing the need for factor replacement in hemophilia patients. However, due to increased PTT and decreased serum clotting factors in patients, the risk of life threatening bleeding is likely to be high. Thus we don’t recommend the use of TEA as a prophylactic measure in hemophilia.